|
Types |
1st citation |
Subsequent |
1st citation (Parenthetical format) |
Subsequent |
|
One author |
Luna (2020) |
Luna (2020) |
(Luna, 2020) |
(Luna, 2020) |
|
Two authors |
Salas and D'Agostino (2020) |
Salas and D'Agostino (2020) |
(Salas & D'Agostino, 2020) |
(Salas & D'Agostino, 2020) |
|
Three or more authors |
Martin et al. (2020) |
Martin et al. (2020) |
(Martin et al., 2020) |
(Martin et al., 2020) |
|
Groups as authors |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) |
NIMH (2020) |
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) |
(NIMH, 2020) |
|
Groups (no abbreviation) |
Stanford University (2020) |
Stanford University (2020) |
(Stanford University, 2020) |
(Stanford University, 2020) |
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 266). Washington, DC: Author.
|
Types |
1st citation |
Subsequent |
1st citation (Parenthetical format) |
Subsequent |
|
One author |
Walker (2007) |
Walker (2007) |
(Walker, 2007) |
(Walker, 2007)
|
|
Two authors |
Walker and Allen (2004) |
Walker and Allen (2004) |
(Walker & Allen, 2004)
|
(Walker & Allen, 2004) |
|
Three authors |
Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999) |
Bradley et al. (1999) |
(Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999) |
(Bradley et al., 1999) |
|
Four authors |
Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, and Walsh (2006) |
Bradley et al. (2006) |
(Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Walsh, 2006) |
(Bradley et al., 2006) |
|
Five authors |
Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (2008) |
Walker et al. (2008) |
(Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 2008) |
(Walker et al., 2008) |
|
Six or more authors |
Wassestein et al. (2005) |
Wassestein et al. (2005) |
(Wassestein et al., 2005)
|
(Wassestein et al., 2005) |
|
Groups as authors |
Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2003) |
IOM (2003) |
(Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2003) |
(IOM, 2003) |
|
Groups (no abbreviation) |
University of Pittsburgh (2005) |
University of Pittsburgh (2005) |
(University of Pittsburgh, 2005) |
(University of Pittsburgh, 2005) |
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., p. 177). Washington, DC: Author.
The essential APA pieces are author, date, title, and source. Sometimes, however, one or more of those pieces is missing, and writing the reference can get more difficult. This page is to help you adapt the classic APA Style reference template to fit any situation where information might be missing. The APA Style Blog also has more information about missing reference information.
1. Nothing is missing; I've got all the pieces.
Example:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
2. Author is missing. Solution: Substitute title for the author
Example:
Title. (Date). Source.
3. Date is missing. Solution: use n.d. for no date
Example:
Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.
4. Author and date are both missing. Solution: Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source.
Example:
Title. (n.d.). Source.